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Network of Practice is a concept originated by John Seely Brown and Paul Duguid (often abbreviated as NoPs).〔 〕 This concept, related to the work on communities of practice by Jean Lave and Etienne Wenger,〔 〕 refers to the overall set of various types of informal, emergent social networks that facilitate information exchange between individuals with practice-related goals. In other words, networks of practice range from communities of practice where learning occurs to electronic networks of practice (often referred to as virtual or electronic communities). == Basic concepts == To further define the concept, first the term network implies a set of individuals who are connected through social relationships, whether they be strong or weak. Terms such as community tend to denote a stronger form of relationship, but networks refer to all networks of social relationships, be they weak or strong. Second, the term practice represents the substrate that connects individuals in their networks. The principal ideas are that practice implies the actions of individuals and groups when conducting their work, e.g., the practice of software engineers, journalists, educators, etc., and that practice involves interaction among individuals.〔Lave, Jean, ''Cognition in Practice: Mind, Mathematics and Culture in Everyday Life'', Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988.〕 What distinguishes a network of practice from other networks is that the primary reason for the emergence of relationships within a network of practice is that individuals interact through information exchange in order to perform their work, asking for and sharing knowledge with each other. A network of practice can be distinguished from other networks that emerge due to other factors, such as interests in common hobbies or discussing sports while taking the same bus to work, etc. Finally, practice need not necessarily be restricted to include those within one occupation or functional discipline. Rather it may include individuals from a variety of occupations; thus, the term, practice, is more appropriate than others such as occupation. As indicated above, networks of practice incorporate a range of informal, emergent networks, from communities of practice to electronic networks of practice. In line with Lave & Wenger’s original work (1991), Brown & Duguid propose that communities of practice are a localized and specialized subset of networks of practice, typically consisting of strong ties linking individuals engaged in a shared practice who typically interact in face-to-face situations.〔Brown, J S & Duguid, P, Knowledge and organization: A social-practice perspective. (''Organization Science'' ), 12, 2: 198-213, 2001.〕 At the opposite end of the spectrum are electronic networks of practice, which are often referred to as virtual or electronic communities and consisting of weak ties.〔Vaast E. (The Use of Intranets: The Missing Link between Communities of Practice and Networks of Practice? ) Chapter 18 ''in'' Hildreth, P & Kimble, C (eds.), ''Knowledge Networks: Innovation Through Communities of Practice'', London: Idea Group Inc., 2004〕 In electronic networks of practice, individuals may never get to know one another or meet face-to-face, and they generally coordinate through means such as blogs, electronic mailing lists, or bulletin boards. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「network of practice」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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